Fig. 1
From: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Vietnam: a conceptual framework
Conceptual framework on the nature of CSR, adapted from Edwards and Phan (2014) and Athanasopoulou and Selsky (2015). (*) Please note: in comparison to the model of Edwards and Phan (2014), this study used the term ‘Governance’ instead of ‘Party-state’ for the universality of the model. Thus, this model may be generally applied as a lens for considering the nature of CSR in other developing countries