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Table 10 Test of selection on unobservable gains

From: When and where does it pay to be green? – A look into socially responsible investing and the cost of equity capital

 

(1)

(2)

Market cap

0.023

0.120

 

(0.385)

(0.371)

Leverage

\(9.878^{***}\)

\(9.688^{***}\)

 

(1.446)

(1.423)

Book-to-market

\(-0.484\)

\(-0.413\)

 

(0.417)

(0.411)

Dispersion

\(2.720^{***}\)

\(2.636^{***}\)

 

(0.217)

(0.215)

Long-term growth

3.139

\(3.231^{*}\)

 

(1.923)

(1.949)

Beta

\(-0.485\)

\(-0.474\)

 

(0.296)

(0.296)

Return

23.598

23.276

 

(16.008)

(15.815)

\(p_1\)

1.017

 
 

(10.959)

 

\(p_1^2\)

\(-5.173\)

 
 

(15.910)

 

\(p_1^3\)

0.866

 
 

(7.198)

 

\(p_2\)

 

\(-4.245\)

  

(10.697)

\(p_2^2\)

 

3.643

  

(15.560)

\(p_2^3\)

 

\(-3.293\)

  

(7.054)

Observations

12,006

12,006

R\(^{2}\)

0.535

0.535

Adjusted R\(^{2}\)

0.532

0.532

Residual SE

2.145

2.146

F Statistic

\(185.642^{***}\)

\(185.468^{***}\)

  1. Columns 2-3 report coefficient estimates and standard errors (in parentheses) from the regressions in Eq. (10) using director affiliation, and director affiliation and Sierra Club Membership as the instrument, respectively. Estimates of the interaction terms \(X_{ijt-1}P(Z_{ijt})\) are unreported. *, **, *** denote statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and the 1% levels, respectively